Searching for Truth with a Broken Flashlight
-The Reality of Misconception and Wishful Thinking in the Evolution/Creation Controversy by Michael Hawley
About the Book
Preface
Christian author James W. Sire defines worldview as “a commitment, a fundamental orientation of the heart...which we hold about the basic construction of reality, and that provides the foundation on which we live and move and have our being.” For nearly two millennia, devout Christians have had a worldview founded upon Jesus Christ and His Word, the Holy Bible. When a fellow Christian starts out by saying “The Bible says...” the fundamental orientation of their heart is clear, reality is understood through their Christian faith. Around the 18th century, a different worldview began to take hold in Europe and Western society, which has been termed The Age of Enlightenment. Reality is no longer viewed through a biblical foundation, but through human reasoning and understanding. Enlightened thinkers attempted to understand the world logically and rationally, and the culmination of this worldview is modern science. Today, this worldview is alive and well in modern thinking. It is not a big surprise that many Christians and atheists alike consider these two worldviews completely incompatible with each other, and one of the battlegrounds for worldview supremacy has been the evolution/creation controversy. It is my contention that these two worldviews are perfectly compatible with each other, thus, there is no controversy if we honestly believe in God’s Providence. Early on, I was blessed with being introduced to the writings of the eminent Christian theologian Thomas Aquinas, who demonstrated how human reason fits beautifully within a Christian worldview. Sadly, his writings seem to have been forgotten or even ignored, and at a time when they are needed the most. The waters of this issue have been muddied by both sides due to misconception and due to a powerful desire for only one worldview to prevail. My book is a reintroduction to one of Aquinas’ most persuasive arguments, along with an attempt to clear up the waters.
Chapter 1 - The Quest, a Bicentennial Genesis
...This experience rocked my world. How could my life’s passion be nothing but deception? To me, one thing was for sure; one side must be completely wrong. I did not want the scientists to be wrong, but then again as a Christian, I did not want to be on the wrong side of God’s wishes. It did prompt a question in my mind, however. Why would scientists all over the world dedicate their whole lives to a big lie? I approached my older sister about my creationist experience. She was in college at the time, so I was hoping that she would have some answers. Her answer was, “Don’t make a conclusion until you hear the arguments from the other side, too.” I took my sister’s advice to heart, so I began a quest for truth. I realized that I had many misconceptions about this issue. I did not know how to best search for truth, but I had an idea. My plan was to not blindly accept either side’s arguments as I once did, but to thoroughly evaluate both sides before accepting one as the truth. I wanted to personally discuss scientific theories with actual scientists, and that happened when I got to college...
…Much of this misconception lies in the difference between Scripture and the interpretation of Scripture. Dr. Robert Schneider, professor emeritus of classical languages at Berea College, quotes conservative Baptist theologian Bernard Ramm in his article, Does the Bible Teach Science?, “First, one must realize that revelation is not interpretation, and conversely, interpretation is not revelation. Revelation is the communication of divine truth; interpretation is the effort to understand it. One cannot say: “I believe just exactly what Genesis 1 says and I don’t need any theory of reconciliation with science.” Such an assertion identifies revelation with interpretation.” According to the World Christian Encyclopedia, there are over thirty thousand different Christian denominations. Each denomination believes that they have been fully inspired by the Holy Spirit, thus have interpreted the Bible correctly. This means biblical misinterpretation is a bigger problem than most Christians want to admit, since only one can be 100% correct. Specific to the evolution/creation controversy, there are multitudes of interpretations of Genesis. There are even dozens of different literal interpretations (not just one as many creationists insinuate to the public). Confidence in a particular interpretation being the truth just might be misplaced. Conversely, one must recognize the misconception that science conflicts with a belief in God. Science deals strictly with the natural, not the supernatural. If a particular scientist claims to be an atheist, it is not their scientific research that has revealed this; it is merely his or her personal belief.…
…Because the driving force behind the controversy is the fundamentalist/evangelical branch of the Protestant community its origins will be found within Protestant history, especially in their method of biblical interpretation. Prior to this, the only Christian church in Western Europe was the Catholic Church, and dogmatically accepting only one literal interpretation of Genesis, i.e., a restrictive literal interpretation, as it relates to natural events was not the general practice. Although Catholic theologians interpreted Scripture literally, a restrictive literal interpretation approach was of little importance. The Church followed the lead of theologian Augustine of Hippo (354-430). He was the primary influence upon the minds of clergy up until the Early Middle Ages. Augustine states in his work, On the Literal Meaning of Genesis,
“…in interpreting words [in the Book of Genesis] that have been written obscurely for the purpose of stimulating our thought, I have not rashly taken my stand on one side against a rival interpretation which might possibly be better.”
As stated earlier, Augustine warned of being too restrictive in interpreting Scripture, especially when it deals with nature. Incidentally, Augustine did not take the most literal interpretation of Genesis 1 and Genesis 2. He states,
“These seven days of our time, although like the same days of creation in name and in numbering, follow one another in succession and mark off the division of time, but those first six days occurred in a form unfamiliar to us as intrinsic principles within things created…disposing them [days] in an order not on intervals of time but on causal connections.”
…Consider the following comment: “Scientists are mere humans, and have insignificant powers of reason as compared to God. Since the Bible is perfect, any man-made scientific theories that conflict with the Bible must be wrong.” You, as a Christian, may strongly believe this claim, especially since the community of Christians that you associate with also believes this. You may even be convinced that the Holy Spirit has inspired your thinking, since God is obviously on your side. Additionally, Satan may very well be behind the misguided egotistical scientists. For many, it boils down to God’s perfect revelation over man’s limited ability to reason.
The above claim about revelation over reason has a major flaw in its logic. The comparison is not between God and man; the comparison is actually between man’s interpretation of God’s Word and man’s interpretation of nature. When the words of the Bible enter your mind, you must interpret its content. Interpretation is unavoidable. Even the clearest Bible verses must be put into context, and this requires interpretation. Just as theologians interpret the facts of Scripture, scientists interpret the facts of nature. Ultimately, it is a case of human interpretation vs. human interpretation...
...Is gravity a fact? Surprisingly, the answer is no, and just as surprising it never will be, regardless of the reality of its existence. If this confuses you, it is because we in everyday life use the word, fact, differently than scientists do. We generally use it as an explanation that has been proven beyond all doubt. If someone’s explanation or argument is proven, then it is considered fact. For example, if the doctor diagnoses your ailment as the flu and explains it was caused by a flu virus, we consider this explanation a fact since it is accepted beyond any doubt. Scientists do not consider this explanation a fact, even though they are completely convinced it is correct. Fact in science has a different connotation than a proven explanation, equating it strictly to observable evidence. A scientific fact is not an explanation, it is the evidence used to support an explanation. In the case of gravity, a scientific fact is planets orbit the Sun or objects fall to the Earth. The explanation of these facts is gravity.
We also use fact as to mean evidence, but not all evidence is created equal. Evidence used in arguments/claims fit into four general categories and each category has inherent strengths and weaknesses when it comes to searching for the truth. These categories are hearsay-based, experience-based, authority-based, and empirical-based. All can produce convincing results, but some do a better job than others in pointing to the truth. all too often introduces error into the process and there is no way to verify it satisfactorily...
…The following is my response to this article, which was edited by a colleague of mine, Bruce Adams, and then published in the Buffalo News on March 15, 2002:
“In Richard’s attempt to refute evolution, he wrote that evolution is just a theory, referring to it as “bad science.” As a science teacher, I wonder if Richard knows what good science is. He apparently falls prey to two erroneous assertions that creationists are fond of making. The first is that a theory is “just a guess.” The second is that theories, if “proven”, become facts. Both claims demonstrate a failure to understand the scientific process. In science, when a question is posed such as, “Why are elephant and dinosaur fossils never found together?” Scientists apply knowledge and experience to arrive at an explanation. This explanation is called a hypothesis; an educated “guess” not yet confirmed. To confirm a hypothesis, evidence is gathered in the form of fact – pieces of data – that either support or refute it. If they do not support the hypothesis, it is discarded. If they do, a theory is born. Unlike a guess, a theory must be supported by evidence. But that’s not the end of the process. The theory is then published in a professional journal for peer review so that the rest of the world can attempt to shoot holes through it. Here is where theories really survive or fail. The statement, “once a theory is proven, then it is a fact” is actually “bad science.” Is gravity a fact? No, and it will never be. What is a fact, is that things fall. The accepted explanation, supported by facts, is called gravity. Does Richard consider gravity unproven? The beauty of science is that it is self-correcting. If the facts refute a theory, it is eliminated. Evolutionary theory has been scrutinized by experts for more than 150 years, and it continues to survive as the only fact-based explanation for the diversity of life.”
...Robert Riggins in his article, Do You Believe in Evolution? (2002), comments upon this particular question, “Do you believe in evolution? It’s easy to say “Yes!” but that’s not right. The problem is that the question itself is wrong. It’s like the old “Have you stopped beating your wife?” question: either a yes or a no give the wrong impression…. The problem is the phrase “believe in”… is the trap….The phrase believe in in common parlance seems to mean to take something literally for which there is little or no objective evidence.”
This is precisely the reason why many evolutionary biologists will not give a yes or no answer to this particular question. It suggests that they have accepted biological evolution regardless of the physical evidence. Recall that the scientific process filters out claims based upon conjecture. Conforming to the evidence is everything. The goal is to know evolution in order to discover the truth. When someone says to me that they do not believe in evolution, I usually follow up with the question, “Well, what is evolution?” Never have I received a correct answer, which tells me that their belief (or disbelief in this case) comes not from their head but from their heart. In effect, someone is disagreeing with something that they have no idea what they are disagreeing about…
…A murder case took place in the state of Virginia in 1982 involving suspect, Roger Keith Coleman. He was charged with raping and murdering his sister-in-law, Wanda McCoy, in her home, or just outside, on March 10, 1981. Coleman pleaded not guilty. The jury was directed to stick to the facts of the case, listen to the arguments on both sides, and then make a conclusion based upon the facts. Less fact-based but still mandatory were eyewitness testimonies they had to make decisions upon. The jurors came up with a verdict of guilty and convicted Coleman of rape and murder. Ten years later in 1992 the state of Virginia executed Roger Keith Coleman for this murder, yet he maintained his innocence to the very end. Minister James McCloskey, executive director of Centurion Ministries believed Coleman’s story, and had been fighting to prove his innocence since 1988. McCloskey finally convinced the State of Virginia to undergo a DNA testing on sperm found inside the victim. In January 2006, the results came back and they were positive for having come from Roger Keith Coleman. The test results confirmed Coleman’s guilt. Upon receiving this information, McCloskey stated,
“I had always believed in Roger’s complete innocence. In my view, he had no motive, means, or opportunity to do this crime. I now know that I was wrong.”
When listening to McCloskey speak prior to the DNA test, it was obvious he had complete confidence in Coleman’s innocence. What convinced the jury of his guilt was that Coleman actually did have motive, means, and opportunity. Among other evidence, he had a prior conviction for rape, he was near McCoy’s house the night of the murder, and he had access to it. McCloskey even knew something the jury did not know; he failed a polygraph test. His intuition, along with a few selected facts, made him believe Coleman was an honest man doomed by a series of unfortunate coincidences. In this case, his reason to ignore reason failed him...
...In the spring of 1997, members of a cult called Heaven’s Gate led by Marshall Applewhite committed mass suicide by drinking a lethal mixture of Phenobarbital and vodka. The members believed that Applewhite was Jesus reincarnated. There was no evidence for this, but they believed it without any doubt. This belief was so strong that they followed Applewhite into death. Applewhite explained to his cult members that “inner beings” in a spacecraft traveling alongside comet Hale-Bopp are coming for them. He told them they must commit suicide so that their inner beings will be transported onto the spaceship. The spaceship will then take them to another planet where their cult co-founder, Bonnie Nettles (who had recently died of cancer), is waiting for them.
Interestingly, members of Heaven’s Gate bought an expensive telescope just prior to Earth’s encounter with comet Hale-Bopp, but they returned it soon after. The storeowner asked why they were returning the telescope. They claimed that it was defective because they could not see the spacecraft! Their belief was so strong that the possibility of there not being a spacecraft next to Comet Hale-Bopp was completely out of the question. Contradictory physical evidence did little to weaken their belief that a spacecraft was on its way...
...In 1987, skeptic and magician James Randi had a private investigator secretly record faith-healing sessions with a scanner and tape recorder. The scanner picked up Popoff’s wife, Elizabeth, saying, “Petey, can you hear me?” She was secretly reading the prayer cards to Popoff through a radio into his hidden earphone. On the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson, Randi showed a clip of Popoff deceptively yelling to the audience, “Harold”. Popoff’s wife then said in the earphone, “Cataracts”. Popoff followed with, “God is going to burn those cataracts right off your eyes!” Randi stated to Carson, “Popoff says God tells him these things. Maybe he does. But I didn’t realize God used a frequency of 39.17 megahertz and had a voice exactly like Elizabeth Popoff’s.”
Both, Al-Sahaf and Popoff, purposely deceived their audiences. They had hidden agendas that had nothing to do with truth. The above quote by Thomas Cooper, an American educationalist and political philosopher, offers us help in discovering the truth. The solution is honest examination. Since truth invites examination, then examination is the path to truth...
